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The two drunken men were walking along the bridge. A big wedding procession was passing by. “Let us give them a great kick in the face?” said one of the drunken men. “Well, and if they pay us the same coin?” replied another. “We are not to blame”, said the first furiously casting the puzzled look. Waging war on Turkey during the period between the years of 1877-1878, Russia disappointed the expectations of the Balkan countries putting hope and their fate in the hands of hers. Placing the countries under issue at the West’s service, Russia will never enjoy acknowledgement from them. Obtaining the accurate objective analysis of the events that took place one hundred and thirty years ago we observed Russia has never been paid the coin she paid. Rudolph Kellen, one of the fathers of the geopolitics observed a state can be characterized not only by its people passing through several distinct stages: genesis, growth, maturity, senility, agony and death, but also by their behavior. Some of them (especially the ones regarded as super powers) do not realize they may be paid the same coin (see above mentioned anecdote). The kind situation existed between Russia and the newly unified Romanian State by the end of the 19th century. One of the arguments put forward by the followers of “the betrayal appeared as the national specific character trait of the Romanians” is the adhesion of the Romanian royalty to Triple Alliance in 1883. This is what happened after the Five-Year Anniversary of “ingrata” Romanian independence from sticky tentacles of Russians! Even more, Romania gained access to the Black Sea and (that's the limit!) the mouth of the Danube River. Count Andrássy (Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hapsburg Empire) was the first to say the nowadays commonly used phrase on the occasion of the war waged between Austria and the Crimea: “The only thing that remains is to wait and keep watch over the world shaking with fear from our hatred!”[1]. Russian Historians as well as politicians suffer from the “so – called” selective amnesia disease. All signs and symptoms of the disease are easily manipulated according to “patient’s” convenient decision. The demonstration below will show you not Romania but Russia infringed the responsibilities as an ALLY. Russia not Romania repulsed assistance offered by Romanians during the Russo – Turkish war in 1877-1878. INTERNATIONAL ARENA In 1856 Russia suffered a humiliating defeat from military confrontation with quaternary ally composed of England France Turkey and Sardinia. The name was given in honor of the place where the main theater of military operations took place. The naval Battle of Sinope that took place on 30 November 1853 when Russian navy dramatically attacked Sinop destroying the Ottoman fleet is the only Russia’s victory. Russians took a drubbing in other battles held at Balaklava, Alma, Inkerman and Malakhov. The economic decrease, lack of the contemporary infrastructure, corruption of the political elite, incompetence of command and control over the Russian army have also played the decisive role. Crimean war could be compared to a true First World War having a special influence over the main centers of global power. Habsburg Empire participated (though playing the passive role) in the anti – Russian coalition showing its hostile attitude by turning off effective Russian military forces from the main theater of military operations. Having the purpose to prevent the possible Austrian intervention Russian commander-in-chief had to dispose the troops at the common frontier. Russian troops had to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities (the latter being occupied by the Austrians) immediately after signing of the Vienna agreement in 1853. The second Austrian agreement of 1856 forced Russia to capitulate. The USA did not manage to do bit as an actor within the framework of arena of the international relationships for the time being (the apogee of its influence occurred only by the end of the 19th century). Washington did not manage to spread its sticky tentacles over the Latin – American feud, though, took it away by force according to the rules of the “Monroe Doctrine”. Washington lived under the motto: “America is for Americans” (read: “America belongs to the Yankees!”). That was the impulse towards more and more intense manifestations in southern countries. The result of the disturbances was a costly and bloody civil war (during the period of 1861-1865). Prussia was the only European country displaying more or less benevolently its neutrality towards Russia. Prussia was ruled by one of the political genius of all times (to my mind). His name was Otto von Bismarck, prussian genius who like the great chess player able to foresee affairs some time in advance. Displaying its neutrality in the European conflict he could rely on support from Russia in order to achieve the unification of Germany. Having achieved his purpose he took drastic action in changing foreign policy of the Second Reich [2] (appearing as Berlin Congress middleman in 1878 which determined diplomatic defeat of Russia). The influence of the other globe country on the arena of the international relationship was too small to be paid the special attention. Paris congress in 1856 marked the beginning of implacable decline of the Russian Empire morphing into the stagnation period as the result of the Masonic and Zionist - Bolshevik putsches occurred in February and October of 1917. Russia had to respect peace conditions imposed by Allies in 1856. Peace conditions had more the semblance of humiliation than of something else because the territorial losses were not colossal. Three South Bessarabian districts (judeţe) Bolhgrad, Izmail and Kilia were returned to Moldova. The Danube River mouth and Snake Island were to be also the part of Moldova. Though, in 1857 the territories under issue were again annexed to the Ottoman Empire [3] because Moldavians did not hurry to exercise control over the territories under issue. Russia was forbidden to dislocate its fleet near the Black Sea. Its Pontic littoral fortifications were to be destroyed. Paradox lies in the fact that the conditions under issue were also imposed to one of the winners – the Ottoman Empire. Great European powers reserved the right to intervene with force aiming to preserve the established status – quo by the end of the Crimean War. From then on, the Europe sick man [4] was to be treated by the infirmarians from the West. Russia failed the hope to conquer Constantinople for a long period of time. Russia has lost its previous significance and power. Many European powers did not take into account her previous influence. About twenty years have past until St. Petersburg regained its power playing the violin with the same proficiency as many others participating in the “European concert”. But, Russia (until instauration of the Soviet regime) will never regain its former hegemony of the continental Europe. Romanians have expressed a more positive attitude toward the Treaty of Paris because the treaty under issue opened (without asking for permission from the authors) the door to heaven – sent chance to get reunited to Moldova and Muntenia. Principalities lived under the collective tutorage of seven European powers composed of Turkey, England, France, Sardinia, Prussia, Austria and Russia. Ţările Româneşti (Romanian Sates) bared the title of the “United Principalities”. Full unification was forbidden and was limited by the formation of certain commissions, committees of minor importance. The Treaty of Paris stipulated that the countries had the right to intervene militarily in Ţările Româneşti only in case of existent consensus between the powers standing as guarantors; but it was impossible because of the staff constituting “the Tutorial Committee” [5]. Thus making reunification the impossibility, tutors did not take into account the fact that the Treaty under issue did not stipulate the possibility of one and the same man to accede to the throne of both principalities ( remaining the independent within the international law). Treaty in question (in other words) foresaw (so far) the preliminary unification having the characteristic features of a separate union [6]. Defeat of Russia put an end to Russian protectorate over the Danubian Principalities resulting in the abrogation of the “Organic Regulation”. Winners imposed the Romanians the new constitutional document (adopted by Paris Convention in 1858) according to which the Gospodars were to be elected by the representatives of both Ţările Româneşti. Electing one and the same man for the position of the Gospodar of the both ţări (states) did not depend on the constitutional document. As far as we know, unification occurred in 1859 together with the election of A. I. Cuza as the Gospodar by Divans from Moldova and Ţara Românească. Unification was inevitable because two principalities had the common Gospodar, spoke the same language, belonged to the same communion and had the same culture and tradition (event occurred three years later after the first unification in 1862) [7]. Thus, the guarantor powers were skillfully placed before the accomplished fact (“fait-accomplit”). Principalities Masonic brothers coordinated thoroughly every “accomplished fact” with Masonic brothers from France who actually governed in the newly formed principalities. A. I. Cuza as well as the young Romanian diplomacy managed and contributed successfully to the apparition of the new national, centralized, unified state on the map of the old continent. The name of Romania (România) comes from Român (“Romanian”), which is a derivative of the word Romanus (“Roman”) from Latin. The fact that Romanians refer to themselves using a derivative of Romanus (Romanian: Român / Rumân) is mentioned in scholarly works as early as the 16th century by many authors, among them metropolitan Warlam. State’s independence was one of the remaining problems of the time. Author: A Savin Translated by: Eduard Rotaru [1] Russian troops under the command of General – field marshal Pashkevich helped the Austrian empire preserve its integrity after the Papal Revolution In 1849. Russian Tsar Nikolai I acting on altruistic motives saved “the crowned brother”. Territorial claims did not have anything to do with his decision. During the Crimean war 1853-1856 (in four years!), Austrians chose anti-Russian position advocating immediate and total withdrawal of Russian troops from the Danubian Principalities and stop confronting English – French – Turkish – Sardinian coalition. [2] According to German historical terminology, the notion of the Holy Roman Empire, or First Reich was established by Otton the Great in the ninth century; the German Empire, or Second Reich, from 1871 to 1919 was established by the genius Bismarck; the Third Reich, from 1933 to 1945 was established by Hitler. [3] The Danube River delta as well as the Snakes Island has been annexed by Russia according to Adrianople Peace Treaty in 1829. [4] Europe sick man the name attributed to the Ottoman Empire suffering severe crisis by the end of the 17th century. [5] France, England, Turkey and Sardinia fought against Russia; Austria appeared as belligerent passive power; as for Prussia it preserved its benevolent neutrality for Russia. France expressed its positive attitude towards unification of principalities. As for Austria, it was against annexation of the ancestral Romanian territories because half of them belonged to the country in question. The list of drawbacks posing the impediment to successful functioning of the Tutorial Committee can be added and enlarged. [6] Unification of Sweden and Norway in 1815-1905 is the illustrative example. The Sweden king also ruled in Norway. [7] Unification of only half of the Romanian territories took place in 1859. The unification under issue acquired the title of “Small unification” or preliminary because it bared the characteristic features of the personal union. A. I. Cuza making use of the favorable international conjuncture contributed to definitive unification by the formation of the unified state structure.
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